US CSA #2 & #5

 CSA # 2

The 10¢ blue lithograph was designed by Charles Ludwig of Hoyer & Ludwig, Richmond, Virginia. 

Both Hoyer & Ludwig and J. T. Paterson & Co. of Augusta, Georgia, printed this design.

Marks added by Paterson to the transfer stones distinguish it from the Hoyer & Ludwig prints

Hoyer & Ludwig printed 1,400,000 copies.

Paterson  printed an estimated 4,918,000 copies with several distinct color variations.

Hoyer & Ludwig

Paterson

Light blue Hoyer & Ludwig

Printing Differences

Hoyer has no crossbar on the A of States, Paterson does

On the Paterson the N of CONFEDERATE is visibly connected to the frame by a curved line

The Paterson has a small dash at the end of the upper left value tablet (see arrow)

The Paterson printing is of poorer quality

NOTE - There is a 3rd type (10¢ Blue - Stone Y)

It is less common and of very poor quality almost primitive printing

Forgeries

'Springfield" forgeries produced in the 1930's by the Tatham Stamp Co. (mottled appearance)  and in 1941 by H.E. MacIntosh.

These are probably the closest to the original.

Upham forgery

Samuel C. Upham, a seller of patent medicines in Philadelphia. 

Very prolific and started in 1862. 

His reported purpose was to hinder the sale and assets of the confederacy

A  modern  replica sold in blocks or sheetlets

A cutout  from a period Scott catalog.

Found in a variety of colors.

Torres forgery

He found a very eager market in Europe and later the US for his creations.

The left stamp is compared to his 1896 catalog impression.

These forgeries are basically identical to the above Torres

However they are attributed to S. Taylor.

Perhaps a connection between the 2 since Torres spent time in America selling his "stamps".

3 very crude forgeries of unknown origin

CSA # 5

1862 - Lithographed by Hoyer & Ludwig, Richmond, Virginia, in rose or carmine on white wove paper, thick and porous; with colorless gum.

The same transfer stone used for the Hoyer & Ludwig printings of the ten cent blue was used for producing the ten cent rose stamps.

Genuine stamp

Forgeries

Upham Forgery

Scott Album Cutout

Unknown source, possibly S. Taylor

Crude Forgery source unknown

Crude Forgery source unknown

Sperati forgery - Original left, Sperati right

This is the most dangerous but relatively rare.

1. In the forgery, the top right "10" has a short "1" that is aligned to top of "0" rather than to bottom

2. The "1" of lower left "10" has a flaw at foot and there is a white spot below and to the right of the "0"

Russia China Offices

Russia was the first among the European Powers and America to establish postal relations with China.

In 1689, during the reign of Peter the Great, an agreement with China was reached concerning the transportation of mail, and in 1727 China granted various privileges for trade and postal communications to Russia.

An accord was included in the treaty of 1851 which provided for the mutual delivery of official correspondence, as was another with China in the treaty of 1858, which introduced a regular postal courier service for governmental and missionary correspondence.

1899 Issue

The Main Post-and-Telegraph Administration Chief’s Circular of April 1899 introduced the Russian stamps of the 1889 horizontally laid issue with a large diagonal “Китай“, (China, Cathay) overprint for payment of postage on letters and wrappers submitted to Russian Offices in Shanghai, Chefoo and Hankow. 

These stamps were valid for postage exclusively on correspondence submitted to the three postal establishments mentioned above. 

They were issued in Russian currency because of the almost equal exchange rate between

that and the Chinese currency.

The 2kop. can be found with a greatly shifted overprint.

1904-1908 Issues

The 10kop is missing as it is very rare

NOTE: Further printings were made between 1910 and 1916

Detecting Forgeries

The overprint was typographed at the State Printing Works in St. Petersburg.

In typography, ink rollers are passed over the die thereby applying ink not only on the surface but the sides as well.

As considerable pressure is applied to overprint the paper, ink is squeezed out to the sides of the imprint resulting in a thick darker border.

This may not be visible to the naked eye but a 10x loupe will easily bring out this feature.

Also due to the pressure applied, mint/unused stamps will generally show some embossing on the reverse. Used stamps that were soaked tend to lose this feature.

The inks used on the genuine have a a binder that tends to produce a glossy finish. Holding the stamps to the light at an angle should show this. The forgeries are in dull ink with no shine.

Generally the forger draws an enlarged copy of the imprint and reduces it to approximate the genuine version. As the forgeries are photo reproduced, inevitably, some features of the original are lost.

Forgery angle

This is probably the best way to check

I have seen a note that states “in all genuine stamps from Scott numbers 1- 47 the angle of inclination of the overprint is approximately 57-58 , whereas the angle of the forgeries varies between 38 and 53 usually around 50 being the most common"

Generally that statement appears to be true. I did find a few at 38 but most were in the 51 – 53 range.

However, some forgeries are 57 , while there are some over 59

How-to - my method

1. Scan the stamp

2. Make sure the image is properly inclined

3. Using free IrfanView - go to Edit/Show Paint Dialog and bring up the tool circled

4. Draw a line under the feet of the overprint and the measurement will come up

Forgery Examples

Angles: 51.5, 53 & 53

Fournier Forgery: angle 59.5

Most doubles are forgeries - angle is 53

Genuine Examples

Angles: 57.5, 57.5 & 58

Features of the Genuine Overprint

Note that all the letters are clearly defined with square serifs and straight sides.
1. The top serif of the K extends more on the left side than the right side
2. The right side is is higher and lower than the left.
3. Note the size and shape of the openings.
4. Serifs all have spaces between them. Over-inking may blur this but magnification should provide a view of the edges.
5. The left side of the T is slightly longer.
6. The left side of the A is much thinner.
7. The right side is slightly thicker than the other letter.
8. The sign is very evenly shaped.
9. Note the shape and position of the crossbars. The left one is about 59 , the right one 56

Enlargement of genuine overprint

Typical forgeries

References

The main sources are articles from the Rossica Archives

Romania 75th anniversary

Romania 75th anniversary Stamps

November 20, 1932 a set of 7 imperforated stamps with the coat-of-arms of the different Romanian provinces and the years 1858 and 1933 (Sc 421-427) were issued.

A total of 200.000 sets of 50 stamps were printed. in Bucharest in the Stamp Printing Works on white paper with a watermark "Crown and Monogram". 

Although the Scott catalog makes no mention, the whole series is forged on original watermarked paper possibly obtained from selvage. 

These forgeries were probably postal in nature which again answers the question - "Why bother forging low value stamps ?" Simple, there is more potential profit with low value postal forgeries than with collector forgeries.

Comparison of the Genuine & Forgeries

Overall the forgeries are quite good so get out your best magnifying glass for this exercise.

I will stick to a comparison of the main features.

NOTE in the comparisons, the genuine is always on the left

Sc 421

Genuine

1. The forgery is blurred

2. Lines and shades on the bull's head are thicker

3. The mouthpiece is too shaded

4. The 33 are too close together

Sc 422

Genuine

In the forgery:

1. There is no space below the tongue

2. One of the 4 diagonal lines of the mane is defective

3. On the tail there is a missing small protrusion in the large opening

In the forgery:

1. The bricks have round ends

Sc 423

Genuine

In the forgery;

1. Lines are badly blurred and missing

2. Very thick shading

In the forgery;

1. The 1 is poorly inked

2. The top of the 5 is thick

Overall blurry

Sc 424

Genuine

In the forgery:

1. The castles are blurred

2. The feather shading is lacking

In the forgery:

1. The top of the 5 is very thick

Sc 425

Genuine

In the forgery

1. The coat of arms of the 4 provinces on the shield is unrecognizable

2. The sword and scepter  are not detailed

In the forgery:

1. The numbers are not sharp and too thick

Sc 426

Genuine

In the forgery:

1. The tail feathers do not touch the posthorn

2. The claws are not curved

In the forgery

1. Overall the numbers lack definition

2. The back of the 5 is rounded and there is a large ball at the tail

Sc 427

Genuine

Details are blurred and missing in the forgery

In the forgery:

1. The letters in LEI are smaller and poorly shaped

2. The shading lines in the horn opening are shorter

Reference

Originals and Counterfeits of the First Moldavian Stamps 75th Anniversary Issue - G. Pataki 1980

Finland 1856 Ovals

 In 1845, Finland was among the first countries to issue stamped envelopes.

In 1850, the design of the stamp impression was changed to an oval shape and placed on the back flap of the envelope.
On March 1 1856, the first adhesive stamps were issued, similar to the oval impression of the stamped envelopes.
The astute Finns saved some kopeks by searching around for old used envelopes on which the oval stamp had not been cancelled (the post office people had not felt it necessary to cancel these stamps since they were part of used addressed envelopes)
They cut them out and re-used them as postage stamps instead of buying the new adhesives.

1850 Cutouts

These cut-outs did not have the “secret marks” but with cancels were not easily spotted and can still be found in many collections and auction sales as the 1856 types.

NOTE also that there are no pearls in the post horns.
The earliest known usage of a regular 1856 Oval issue stamp is March 3, 1856.

There are many varieties of this issue particularly in paper and gum. One can find polished, thin, hard and rough paper in thickness varying from 0.05 mm to 0.13 mm. The paper can be white, greyish, yellowish and rarely bluish.
The gum can be without, colorless, yellow, with air bubbles or with brown spots that can be seen through the paper.
Given the high CV’s, very few will ever own an original and the majority in older collections and most if not all online are forgeries or reprints

1856 5K

There are 2 basic types depending on the size of the pearls and mainly the left one.

Type I small left pearl
Type II large left pearl

Type I & II

Genuine features

1. Secret mark between the shield and the crown looks like a rough white diamond

2. The mouthpiece of the left posthorn is over the right one

3. 8 + 8 pearls in crown

4. Dots after 5’s and KOP-words are diamond shaped

5. Height 24.7 - 24.8 mm.

6. Width 28.2 - 28.4 mm.

7. Width of the shield 9.8 - 10 mm.

NOTE the lion head direction and shape, very few if any forgeries get this right

Also the relative position of the letters and the distance of the posthorns to the shield

Forgeries

There are many factors that distinguish forgeries but a key feature is “Ink Squeeze”

As the originals were made by letter press the pressure tends to squeeze out

the ink to the edges of the design.

As most forgeries are produced by lithography, they will not have this feature.

As well the pressure might make the design more visible from the rear.

Other forgery factors include;

Many 5 kop forgeries are missing at least one dot of the four in the “5 KOP” text.

Many forgeries were printed with guide lines between the stamps to facilitate cutting them.

Forgery Type I

Lithographed on white paper
1. Dot after first 5 is missing
2. The lion has a solid arm and the head is turned upwards
3. The cross is very different.

4. Secret mark is included

Possibly Torres

Forgery Type II

Lithographed on wove paper

1. The oval is flattened
2. All dots are missing
3. Cancellation unknown in Finland
4. Too many pearls on the crown
5. Very odd face on lion
6. The mouthpieces are small
7. No secret mark under the crown

Forgery Type III

May have originated with Spiro or most likely Fournier

Lithographed on white wove paper

1. Secret mark is missing

2. The Russian P letter is joined at top and bottom

3. The lion is looking up

4. No secret mark under the crown

5. The "dots" are round not diamond shaped

6. Top of the 5 is upturned

Forgery Type IV

Lithographed on greyish paper.

1. The oval has a wrong shape

2. Tiny pearl only in left posthorn

3. The posthorns have wrong shape

4. Value on the right side is too far down

5. The shield shading is very heavy

Forgery Type V

Lithographed on greyish paper.

1, Mouths of posthorns wrongly over each other, the right hand mouthpiece above the left

2. The Russian P letter is as the Roman II, not joined at top

3. The 5’s have a pronounced top curve

4. The secret mark is small

Forgery Type VI

Lithographed on white wove paper

1. Secret mark is missing

2. Dot only after Russian KOP

3. Russian P joined at bottom and top

4. Only six stars in coat of arms

5. Very thick letters and frame

Possibly produced by Torres

Forgery type VII

Lithographed forgery on thick (0.10) glazed paper.
1. Secret mark is missing
2. Dots are round
3. The mouth of the right posthorn is over the left
4. Tiny pearls in the posthorns

5. Oval is flattened

Forgery type VIII
Lithographed on med. thick (0.08) paper.
1. Secret mark is missing
2. Pearls are missing from posthorns
3. Small Muzzle on the lion
4. Odd shaped stars

Forgery Type IX

Lithographed on white ordinary paper

1. No secret mark

2. Pronounced top curves on 5’s

3. Lion has dog face

4. Right posthorn touches shield

Another possible Torres

Forgery Type XI

Very primitive forgery. White wove paper, lithographed.
1. Dots are round
2. There seems to be a "pearl" in the right posthorn
3. The Lions tail is like an ampersand
4. The colour is too blue
5. All recorded copies are cancelled with pen strokes

Forgery Type XII
Typographed in blue on thick white wove paper
1. The size of the stamp is smaller, 27.5 x 23.3
2. The lion has a solid arm
3. The secret mark is missing
4. The lion is looking up

Forgery type XIII
Lithographed on un-gummed brownish paper. stamps and cancelled with forged postmarks without date.
It was sold by Fournier but probably not manufactured by him. 
1. The secret mark is missing
2. Left posthorn almost touches the shield
3. Dots are round
4. Secret mark is missing

Forgery Type XIV
Fournier Lithographed
The stamp exists always with Fournier forged WIBORG cancellation in which the date is never readable.
1. The gum is yellowish
2. The stars are smaller than the original
3. There are more pearls around the crown

Part of a full "Fournier" sheet from the Geneva Collection

Forgery Type XV

Lithographed on thin bluish paper. The cancellation WIBORG l7 .2.1858 is fake also.

1. The secret mark is missing

2. The lower corner star at right is in the wrong place

3. The mouthpieces of the posthorns are to far from each other

Forgery Type XVI

Peter Winter Litho forgery

Modern - possibly 1980’s
1. Top right arm of K too thick and short
2. Top sword is broken
3. Right posthorn close to frame

4. Fault in right K

Forgery Type XIX

Lithographed
1. After the Russian word KOP the dot is not
diamond shaped but square.
2. The KOP is closer to the frame
3. The left posthorn touches the shield

Forgery Type XXI
Generally the same as the Type I so possibly Torres influence
The big difference is the cross and shape of the crown, the rest is identical

A guide line appears at the bottom and sides

Forgery unlisted

Very primitive
1. Thin misplaced letters
2. No secret mark
3. No pearls in posthorns
4. Tiny or missing dots after letters
5. Color too dark

Forgery Unlisted

Very primitive
1. Thick short misplaced letters
2. No secret mark
3. Odd shaped lion head
4. Cross touches the frame
5. Only 6 stars in shield

7. Very flat oval

1856 10K Genuine

The 10 kopeck stamps where similarly made, but some design details are slightly different. The most obvious are that unlike the 5 kopeck, the secret mark under the crown is smaller and round, and there is no “large pearl in posthorn” variety

1. The mouthpiece of the right posthorn is over the left one

2. 9 + 9 pearls on the crown

3. Dots after 10’s and KOP-words are diamond shaped

4. Height 24 - 24,4 mm.

5. Width 28,1- 28,3 mm.

6. Width of the shield 10,1 - 10,4 mm.

7. The foot stroke of the Russian KOP on the right is missing between the last letter and the diamond dot

Forgeries

The 10K forgeries do not appear to be as numerous as the 5K and are the same basic ones from Fournier, Spiro, Torres and Winter and primitive unknowns.

The reader can refer to the same 5k type for features

Type I possibly Torres

Type II Torres

Type III

Type IV

Type V

These are listed as "Fournier" forgeries.

I have serious doubts

The top 2 were probably sold Fournier

The bottom 2 more likely Torres/Spiro

Part of a full "Fournier" sheet from the Geneva Collection

Primitive Forgeries

Reprints

The major issue for any collector who might have purchased or inherited an “old collection” is not forgeries but the vast number of excellent reprints issued over a period of many years.

1862 1st impression only the 5K, paper yellowish, no gum

1862 2nd impression both values, paper thick and smooth, yellowish, brownish gum

1871 both values, thick paper, yellowish, printed in tete-beche, no gum

1881 both values, medium thickness, white paper, no gum

1892 both values, lithographed, medium thickness white, no gum

1956 Both values

NOTE: The two of 1862, the 1871, and the 1881 reprints were all made from the original die, which for the 5 kop value has the posthorn “pearls” enlarged in 1858.

Items claiming to be reprints that have small pearls are not reprints, as all the reprints, have large pearls

All reprints have the "secret marks”: 5k dot in right cross branch, 10K

large mark in left cross branch

The genuine cliché printed stamps and reprints prior to 1892 all show various degrees of ink squeeze described earlier.

The difficulty with these reprints is trying to identify which issue they belong to, particularly those prior to 1892.

5K reprints

1862 Reprint

Made for Belgian stamp dealer Moens

– Large pearls in posthorns

– Small color spot to the right in the crowns cross

– Original die. Handstamped in lever press as the originals.

Tete-beche exist

– Color: From light blue to blue

– Paper: Two kinds, without gum:

1. Ordinary thick brownish, clear wire-marking. Thickness: 0.115-0.135 mm

2. Laid (17 lines per 2cm). Thickness: 0.105 – 0.120 mm

1871 Reprint (with original die)

Hand stamped in a lever press as the originals. 

The colour is dark blue and the printing colour is dry and smudgy. Small colour spot to the right in the cross. Narrow margins all around.

These reprints were used in the folders sent to UPU showing all stamps prior issued invalid or still valid for postage.

Ordinary thick yellowish paper. Paper thickness 0.120 - 0.125 mm.

Originally gummed.

1881 Reprint (with original die)

Hand stamped in a lever press as the originals.

The colour is greenish blue.

Narrow margins vertically since closely printed in long strips.

Without gum.

This reprint is called the "Granberg issue".

Hard white and thin paper. Clear printing impression showing on the reverse side. Paper thickness 0.070 - 0.080 mm

The distinctive reprint dot in the cross right side is very visible.

This stamp has appeared on auctions as a "signed" genuine.

1892 Reprint

Lithographed, medium thickness white paper, no gum. 

New dies were made for this issue so the term "reprint" is somewhat in question.

As a new die was made there are 2 significant differences with the original;

1. The cross has a dot on the right arm

2. There are only 2 vertical pearls below the cross. The original has

3 distinct and one partial

3. The secret mark has flat sides and is open at the top. In the original it generally looks like a rough stone.

4. The required large pearl of 5K reprints

1956 Reprint

In 1956, for the 100th anniversary of these first issues of 1856, reprints were issued and distributed with a 160 page book by the philatelist Leo Linder.

This reprint had some 1600 issued and is actually quite scarce with a high CV

This reprint does not have the cross dot but the freshness of the paper and the large pearls give it away.

10K Reprints

These were a much more difficult to properly identify as to the issue date so no guarantees on accurateness

1871 Reprint
Thick yellowish paper

Note the dark spot in the left side cross - this appears in all the 10K reprints

1881 Reprint

Red on hard white

1892 Reprint

With fake WIBORG misspelled cancel

1956 Reprint (see 5K)

In both the 1892 and 1956 the dent flaw in the left side shield were reproduced

The miniature commemorative sheet is offset printed in the original colors by The Bank of Finland.

20,000 miniature sheets, consecutively numbered were produced to be sold by Finland's Stamp Dealers and The Finnish Philatelic Association.

Any left-overs at the end of September 1981 were to be destroyed.

The proceeds were to support the philatelic projects and research sponsored by "Suomen Filatelistiliitory" (The Finnish Philatelic Association).

Cutouts are sold as genuine issues and can be quite dangerous

The paper, size and reverse markings are the key.

References

The Oval Issues & The Problem of Forgeries - Ed Fraser - 2006

Helsingfors Frimarkssamlare Forening - Various articles & dates

Catalog of The Agathon Fabergé Collections - 1940 - H.R. Harmer

Facit "2015 Special" catalog - Finland Section

Finlands Ovalmärken - Leo Linder 1956

Catalog Of Finland Stamps - Norma 2006

Album Weeds - REV. R. B. EAREE.

Forgeries of Finnish Postage Stamps - Mikko Ossa - 1977

Finlande - Les timbres des premières émissions de 1856 à 1889/95" - P. Grosfils-Berger - 1947

Suomen Vanhimmat Paikkakuntaleimat - The Early Postmarks of Finland - Rolf Gummesson, Mikko Ossa, - 1974

Klaseboer Forgery CD - 2019

Various articles from the Posthorn Journal and auction sites